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Coming of Age in Macholand

Masculinity, Patriarchy, and the Search for Freedom in Indian Punjab

Coming of Age in Macholand

Masculinity, Patriarchy, and the Search for Freedom in Indian Punjab

An eye-opening anthropological examination of masculinity, violence, and transnational migration focused on present-day Punjab.

In Coming of Age in Macholand, the anthropologist and filmmaker Harjant S. Gill shows how Punjabi men in India, disillusioned by promises for power and control, contend with patriarchy: by submitting to it, attempting to transgress it, migrating to escape it, and coming undone by it. Gill takes readers deep inside men’s worlds to show how boys come of age and masculinity is produced through pervasive violence, while it is also underlined with intimacy in the form of fraternal love and homosocial bonds.

Based on four years of fieldwork carried out over a decade and hundreds of interviews, Gill explores how boys learn to become men against the backdrop of patriarchal constraints, political violence, changing agrarian economies, and outward migration. He also shows the great extent to which violence is a function and a reflection of powerlessness. By exploring the development of masculinity in a society where sexuality is sanctioned exclusively through heteronormative frameworks of marriage and family, this book documents how patriarchy forecloses sexual agency and emotional autonomy. Ultimately, it offers an indictment of patriarchy as a system that not only oppresses women but also constricts men’s intimate and sexual choices.


304 pages | 29 halftones | 6 x 9 | © 2026

Anthropology: Cultural and Social Anthropology

Asian Studies: South Asia

Reviews

Coming of Age in Macholand is a poignant ode to the possibility of another way to live and love, beyond the violence and cruelty of patriarchal authority. Gill writes with courage and conviction, weaving a gripping personal story together with keenly observed social and political history. The narrative is sometimes harrowing, often charming, and deeply moving, living out the ethos of vulnerability and tenderness that it recommends.”

Anand Pandian, author of Ayya's Accounts and Something Between Us

“With verve, intimacy, and insight, Gill takes us on a tour of ‘macholand’, a globalized Punjabi landscape of arranged marriages, patriarchal family, and caste-bound kinship. Written from the vantage of those who can’t or won’t perform scripted manhood properly, this book invites us to rethink closeness and kinship and to remake social worlds.”

Roger Lancaster, author of The Struggle to Be Gay—in Mexico, for Example and Life in Hard

“Blending autoethnography and feminist and queer inquiry, Gill navigates the complex terrain of Indian patriarchy with rigor, insight, and empathy. This powerful book asks what it means to survive and come of age—for both the ethnographer and their subjects—amid migrations, separations, social fracture, and the shifting realities of life in postcolonial, neoliberal India.”

Inderpal Grewal, emeritus, Yale University

“In this bold, provocative, and eloquently written book, Gill skillfully combines personal history with extensive ethnographic research to map the sprawling, pernicious reach of patriarchy. Coming of Age in Macholand provides a compelling—and often harrowing—look at the cultural, societal and sexual attitudes that govern life in present-day (Indian) Punjab.”

Manil Suri, author of The Death of Vishnu and A Room in Bombay

"Anecdotal storytelling meets incisive analysis. By writing about male machismo, still an almost forbidden subject in Panjab, Harjant Gill creates a space for empathy, understanding, and reflection. This is a book that must be read, and even more, reflected upon.”

Amandeep Sandhu, author of PANJAB: Journeys Through Fault Lines

Table of Contents

Map of Indian Punjab

Notes on Terminology

Prologue

Introduction

A Suitable Match

Conceiving Macholand

Violence in Macholand

In and Out of Macholand

Chapter 1: Welcome to Punjab: Fly Nonstop from Amritsar to London

Border Crossings

Airports and Airplanes

A Transnational Punjabi Wedding

A Bungalow with the Eagle Water Tank

Learning English, Learning IELTS

Chapter 2: Initiations into Manhood

Morning Darshan

Initiations into Sikh Manhood

Threatening Sikh Manhood

Betraying Sikh Manhood

Jat Sikhs and Caste

Chapter 3: Coming of Age

Coming of Age in Chandigarh

Coming of Age in Punjab

Dating and Dreaming in Chandigarh

Heartbreak in Macholand

Chapter 4: Subverting Macholand

Being Gay in Macholand

Bending the Rules of Macholand

Becoming a “Proper” Boy

A Man with a Woman’s Soul

Chapter 5: Becoming Transnational in the “Modern” City

A “Modern” City in Global Times

Chandigarh Boys

Rural Men in the “Modern” City

Wayward Sons, Forlorn Mothers

Becoming Transnational

Chapter 6: Macholand in Diaspora

Coming of Age in California

Coming Out in the Diaspora

Finding Queer Belonging

Conclusion

Ways Out of Macholand

Author’s Note: Autoethnography as Methodology

Acknowledgments

Glossary of Punjabi Terms

Notes

Bibliography

Index

Excerpt

“In India today, normative understandings of gender and sexuality remain stubbornly tethered to an antiquated script, one written in the language of patriarchal families, arranged marriages, and caste-bound kinship. It is a script with few subplots and little room for improvision or rewrites. For middle-class men from privileged families and, in less visible ways, men like me, the instructions arrive vacuum sealed. There is only one acceptable ending, and it involves a bride, an extended family, and children; perhaps a son or two if one is lucky. Indian Punjab, as a region, still wears its hierarchies on its sleeve. Among one of the more socially stratified and patriarchal societies in the world, caste-endogamous or intra-caste marriage is less a rite of passage than a form of male accreditation. It is the stamp that sanctions one’s claim to manhood.

Over time, in my fieldnotes and anthropological reflections, I began to think of Punjabi society as “Macholand,” a conceptual terrain where manhood is manufactured, distributed, and policed. The term owes a debt to masculinity studies scholar Michael Kimmel and his formulation, Guyland, a framework for understanding how American college-age men absorb, rehearse, and reproduce the theater of masculinity. Kimmel focused largely on white, middle-class, heterosexual men in the United States as they transitioned into adulthood. I focus on dominant-caste Jat men in Punjab as they come of age. The cultural particulars differ. The underlying entitlement is strikingly similar. Punjabi men carried their masculinity and caste like a birthright, something inherited rather than earned. It wasn’t that they were cruel or selfish or chauvinistic. It was that they rarely questioned the forces that allowed them to get away with it. Their dominance was seldom contested. Few were ever asked to account for it. In Macholand, power is understood as natural, even God-given. Manhood is as sacred as caste. Privilege, of course, is invisible to those who grew up swimming in it. As I quickly realized, arguing with men about their gender and caste was like arguing with fish about the water...”
 

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