Life in the Soil
A Guide for Naturalists and Gardeners
Life in the Soil
A Guide for Naturalists and Gardeners
Leonardo da Vinci once mused that “we know more about the movement of celestial bodies than about the soil underfoot,” an observation that is as apt today as it was five hundred years ago. The biological world under our toes is often unexplored and unappreciated, yet it teems with life. In one square meter of earth, there lives trillions of bacteria, millions of nematodes, hundreds of thousands of mites, thousands of insects and worms, and hundreds of snails and slugs. But because of their location and size, many of these creatures are as unfamiliar and bizarre to us as anything found at the bottom of the ocean.
Lavishly illustrated with nearly three hundred color illustrations and masterfully-rendered black and white drawings throughout, Life in the Soil invites naturalists and gardeners alike to dig in and discover the diverse community of creatures living in the dirt below us. Biologist and acclaimed natural history artist James B. Nardibegins with an introduction to soil ecosystems, revealing the unseen labors of underground organisms maintaining the rich fertility of the earth as they recycle nutrients between the living and mineral worlds. He then introduces readers to a dazzling array of creatures: wolf spiders with glowing red eyes, snails with 120 rows of teeth, and 10,000-year-old fungi, among others. Organized by taxon, Life in the Soil covers everything from slime molds and roundworms to woodlice and dung beetles, as well as vertebrates from salamanders to shrews. The book ultimately explores the crucial role of soil ecosystems in conserving the worlds above and below ground.
A unique and illustrative introduction to the many unheralded creatures that inhabit our soils and shape our environment aboveground, Life in the Soil will inform and enrich the naturalist in all of us.
336 pages | 69 color plates, 229 halftones, 2 line drawings | 5 1/2 x 8 1/2 | © 2007
Biological Sciences: Botany, Natural History
Earth Sciences: General Earth Sciences
Reviews
Table of Contents
How to Use This Book
Preface
PART ONE. THE MARRIAGE OF THE MINERAL WORLD AND THE ORGANIC WORLD
A. Introduction
B. How Soil Forms Rocks and Weather
C. Plant Roots and Their Bacterial Partners
D. Plant Roots and Their Bacterial Partners
E. Where Roots Meet Rocks and Minerals
F. Plant Roots and Their Animal Partners
1. Life in a Dark Densely Populated World
2. Soil Fertility and the Formation of Humus
3. The Importance of Nitrogen
4. The Contribution of Animals to Soil Structure
5. Diggers and Thrillers of Soil
G. How Plants and Animals Affect the Layers of a Soil
PART TWO. MEMBERS OF THE SOIL COMMUNITY
A. Microbes
1. Eubacteria and Archaebacteria
2. Actinomycetes
3. Algae
4. Fungi
5. Chytrids, Hyphochitrids, Oomycetes
6. Lichens
7. Slime Molds
8. Protozoa
Animal Kingdom
B. Invertebrates
a. Animals Without Backbones of Jointed Legs
1. Flatworms
2. Roundworms and Potworms
3. Earthworms
4. Land Leeches
5. Rotifers
6. Snails and Slugs
7. Tardigrades
8. Onychophrans
b. Arthropods Other Than Insects
1. Mites and Springtails
2. Proturans and Diplurans
3. Myriapods
4. Spiders
5. Daddy Longlegs
6. Psuedoscorpions
7. True Scorpions, Windscorpions, Whipscorpions, and Schizomids
8. Microwhipscorpions
9. Ricinuleids
10. Woodlice
11. Crayfish
c. Insects
1. Jumping Bristletails and Silverfish
2. Earwigs
3. Cockroaches
4. Camel Crickets and Mole Crickets
5. Short-horned Grasshoppers
6. Termites
7. Thrips
8. Big-eyed Bugs and Burrower Bugs
9. Aphids, Phylloxerans, and Coccoids
10. Cicadas and Rhipicerid Beetles
11. Rove Beetles and Ground Beetles
12. Tiger Beetles
13. Short-winged Mold Beetles
14. Featherwing Beetles
15. Sap Beetles
16. Antlike Stone Beetles
17. Minute Fungus Beetles
18. Ptilodactylid Beetles
19. Glowworms, Fireflies, and Lighteningbugs
20. Soldier Beetles
21. Dung Beetles
22. Carrion Beetles, Burying Beetles, and Hister Beetles
23. Wireworms and Clickbeetles
24. Beetles of Rotten Logs
25. Scarabs, Weevils, and Their Grubs
26. Variegated Mud-loving Beetles
27. Fungus Beetles
28. Scorpionflies
29. Antlions
30. Caterpillars and Moths
31. March Flies
32. Midges and Biting Midges
33. Moth Flies
34. Snipe Flies
35. Robber flies
36. Bee Flies
37. Long-legged Flies
38. Picture-winged Flies
39. Root-maggot Flies
40. Gall Wasps
41. Parasitic Wasps
42. Digger Bees and Velvet Ants
43. Digger Wasps
44. Ants
C. Vertebrates
a. Vertebrates Other Than Mammals
1. Salamanders
2. Toads
3. Caecilians
4. Lizards
5. Snakes
6. Turtles and Tortoises
7. Birds
b. Mammals
1. Woodchucks
2. Badgers
3. Prairie Dogs
4. Ground Squirrels
5. Moles
6. Shrews
7. Pocket Gophers
8. Kangaroo Rats
PART THREE. WORKING IN PARTNERSHIP WITH CREATURES OF THE SOIL
1. Preventing Erosion
2. Avoiding Excessive Use of Fertilizers
3. Effects of Acid Rain
4. Avoiding salt-Encrusted Soils
5. Maintaining Soil Structure
6. Discouraging Invasion of Soils by Exotic Species
7. Composting as an Antidote to Soil Abuse
Collecting and Observing Life of the Soil
Glossary
Further Reading
Index
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