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The Value of Labor

The Science of Commodification in Hungary, 1920-1956

At the heart of today’s fierce political anger over income inequality is a feature of capitalism that Karl Marx famously obsessed over: the commodification of labor. Most of us think wage-labor economics is at odds with socialist thinking, but as Martha Lampland explains in this fascinating look at twentieth-century Hungary, there have been moments when such economics actually flourished under socialist regimes. Exploring the region’s transition from a capitalist to a socialist system—and the economic science and practices that endured it—she sheds new light on the two most polarized ideologies of modern history.
            Lampland trains her eye on the scientific claims of modern economic modeling, using Hungary’s unique vantage point to show how theories, policies, and techniques for commodifying agrarian labor that were born in the capitalist era were adopted by the socialist regime as a scientifically designed wage system on cooperative farms. Paying attention to the specific historical circumstances of Hungary, she explores the ways economists and the abstract notions they traffic in can both shape and be shaped by local conditions, and she compellingly shows how labor can be commodified in the absence of a labor market. The result is a unique account of economic thought that unveils hidden but necessary continuities running through the turbulent twentieth century. 
 

368 pages | 11 halftones, 5 tables | 6 x 9 | © 2016

Anthropology: Cultural and Social Anthropology

History: European History

Sociology: General Sociology, Occupations, Professions, Work

Reviews

“Lampland is quite possibly the deepest theoretical thinker in the anthropology and history of Eastern Europe. One of her great accomplishments in this book is to reject the standard division of the region into pre- and postcommunism paradigms. Instead, she uncovers important continuities in the development of the science and economics of labor, offering a completely original, new view of Eastern Europe’s ‘sovietization’ process.”

Katherine Verdery, Graduate Center, City University of New York

The Value of Labor is a work of history that takes in, along with peasants and workers, the accounts by which their labor was organized. Routine little things like infrastructure, standards, and calculations of work and productivity are almost always enveloped in too much cunning and resistance to remain boring. Humor is one of Lampland’s specialties, and she deploys it brilliantly as she explains the evolving economic logic of rural Hungary in a period of intense tumult. Her work reveals that the ironies of socialist accounting were not least among the contradictions that brought down East European socialism.”

Theodore M. Porter, University of California, Los Angeles

"Following on the path of questioning that Lampland laid out in The Object of Labor (1995), The Value of Labor delves deeper into the technopolitical history of the commodification of agrarian labour in Hungary. . . . In The Value of Labor, she follows the expert and policy debates in 1930s work science, and points out their continuities with the institutionalization of the work unit in the Stalinist phase of collectivization, contradicting the Cold War concept of Stalinist modernization as Soviet models imposed from scratch."

Journal of Contemporary Central and Eastern Europe

"Consequently, the book opens up comparative work not only across time (Lampland outlines striking parallels between agricultural transition in the early 1990s, when she started reading materials for this book, and the Stalinist agricultural transition she was reading about), but also geographically and across production systems."

Hungarian Geographical Bulletin

"This book’s outstanding insights spring from the author’s knowledge and skillful use of an enormous variety of published and unpublished sources, including local newspapers and archival collections. As her previous works have already proved, she is one of the leading experts on modern Hungarian history."

The Journal of Modern History

Table of Contents

     Note on the Text
     List of Abbreviations
     Glossary
     List of Illustrations
     Acknowledgements
     Introduction
Part 1
1 Moral Imperatives, Political Objectives
2 Rationalizing the Economic Infrastructure
3 Formalizing Practices
4 The Problem with Money
Part 2
5 State Matters
6 A New Matrix of Labor Value
7 Administering Coercion
8 Fighting over Numbers
Conclusion
     List of Archives
     Notes
     Bibliography
     Index

Awards

Association for Slavic, Eastern European, and Eurasian Studies (ASEEES): Wayne S. Vucinich Book Prize
Honorable Mention

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